Definitions Country Codes geographic. Courty Profiles. Abbreviations: This information is included in Appendix A: Abbreviations. Factbook, with their. Acronyms: An acronym is an abbreviation coined from the initial letter. In general, an acronym made up solely. NATO from North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an exception would be. ASEAN for Association of Southeast Asian Nations). In general, an acronym made up of. Comsat from Communications Satellite Corporation; an. NAM from Nonaligned Movement). Hybrid forms are sometimes used to d. WTO: for World Trade Organization and. WTo. O for World Tourism Organization.)Administrative divisions: This entry generally gives the numbers. ![]() ![]() IUCN global summary estimates for extant tetrapod species as of 2014; Tetrapod group Image Class Estimated number of described species Threatened species. Are we more than what our planet can carry? The question has been posed and discussed and analysed for ages, and it can be viewed from many different aspects. Research highlights of Nature research journals. Where humans go, alien ants follow Nature Ecology and Evolution. Half of the world's wetlands were lost last century. Logging and conversion have shrunk the world's forests by as much as half. Some 9 percent of the world's tree. ![]() ![]() US Board on Geographic Names (BGN). Changes that have been reported but not yet. BGN are noted. Age structure: This entry provides the distribution of the population according to age. Information is included by sex and age group as follows: 0- 1. The age structure of a population affects a nation's key socioeconomic issues. Countries with young populations (high percentage under age 1. The age structure can also be used to help predict potential political issues. For example, the rapid growth of a young adult population unable to find employment can lead to unrest. Agriculture - products: This entry is a rank ordering of major crops. Airports: This entry gives the total number of airports. The runway(s). may be paved (concrete or asphalt surfaces) or unpaved (grass, dirt, sand, or. Not all airports have facilities for. Airports - with paved runways: This entry gives the total number of. For airports with. Only airports with usable. Not all airports have facilities for. Airports - with unpaved runways: This entry gives the total number of. For. airports with more than one runway, only the longest runway is included. Only airports. with usable runways are included in this listing. Not all airports have. Appendixes: This section includes Factbook- related material by. ![]() Readers Summary. How would you described the “Ancient Pathway” to a warm adapted human? What are the steps in activating the Ancient Pathway? Apr 12, 2012 A Vegan Diet is Not Healthy. I’m mentally preparing myself for this one. Because it’s inevitable I’ll receive at least a few heated comments on. Area: This entry includes three subfields. Total area is the. Land area is the aggregate of all surfaces delimited by. Water area is the sum of all water surfaces. Area - comparative: This entry provides an area comparison based on. Most entities are compared with the entire US or one of. US. Bureau of the Census. ![]() The smaller entities are compared with Washington, DC (1. The Mall in Washington, DC (0. Background: This entry usually highlights major historic events and. Birth rate: This entry gives the average annual number of births. The birth rate is usually the dominant factor in determining. It depends on both the level of fertility and the. ![]() Thousands of years ago, indigenous people living in the California Channel Islands relied on a manufacturing process that exposed them to dangerous chemicals that.Broadcast media: This entry provides information on the approximate number of public and private TV and radio stations in a country. TV services. Budget: This entry includes revenues, total expenditures, and capital. These figures are calculated on an exchange rate basis, i. ![]() PPP) terms. Budget surplus (+) or deficit (- ): This entry records the difference between national government revenues and expenditures, expressed as a percent of GDP. The majority of countries adhere to this practice. In some cases, citizenship is conferred through the father or mother exclusively. Many states do not permit dual citizenship and the voluntary acquisition of citizenship in another country is grounds for revocation of citizenship. Holding dual citizenship makes an individual legally obligated to more than one state and can negate the normal consular protections afforded to citizens outside their original country of citizenship. In most countries citizenship can be acquired through the legal process of naturalization. The requirements for naturalization vary by state but generally include no criminal record, good health, economic wherewithal, and a period of authorized residency in the state. This time period can vary enormously among states and is often used to make the acquisition of citizenship difficult or impossible. Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: This entry provides the one- or two- character alphanumeric code indicating the nationality of civil aircraft. Article 2. 0 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention), signed in 1. The aircraft registration number consists of two parts: a prefix consisting of a one- or two- character alphanumeric code indicating nationality and a registration suffix of one to five characters for the specific aircraft. ![]() The prefix codes are based upon radio call- signs allocated by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) to each country. Since 1. 94. 7, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has managed code standards and their allocation. Climate: This entry includes a brief description of typical weather regimes throughout the year. Coastline: This entry gives the total length of the boundary between the land area (including islands) and the sea. Commercial bank prime lending rate: This entry provides a simple average of annualized interest rates commercial banks charge on new loans, denominated in the national currency, to their most credit- worthy customers. Communications: This category deals with the means of exchanging information and includes the telephone, radio, television, and Internet service provider entries. Communications - note: This entry includes miscellaneous communications information of significance not included elsewhere. Constitution: This entry includes the dates of adoption, revisions, and major amendments. Contraceptive prevalence rate: This field gives the percent of women of reproductive age (1. The contraceptive prevalence rate is an indicator of health services, development, and women's empowerment. It is also useful in understanding, past, present, and future fertility trends, especially in developing countries. The English name Egypt is derived from the Ancient Greek Aígyptos (. It is reflected in early Greek. Home > questionable doctrine > flood. The Global Flood of Noah The Watchtower takes literally the Genesis account of a global flood that covered the top of. Country map: Most versions of the Factbook provide a country map in color. The maps were produced from the best information available at the time of preparation. Names and/or boundaries may have changed subsequently. Country name: This entry includes all forms of the country's name. US Board on Geographic Names (Italy is used as an example). Italian Republic), conventional short form. Italy), local long form (Repubblica Italiana), local short form. Italia), former (Kingdom of Italy), as well as the abbreviation. The discrepancy between the amount of oil produced and/or imported. Crude Oil - exports: This entry is the total oil exported in barrels per day (bbl/day). Crude Oil - imports: This entry is the total oil imported in barrels per day (bbl/day). Crude Oil - production: This entry is the total oil produced in barrels per day. ![]() The discrepancy between the amount of oil produced and/or imported and. Crude Oil - proved reserves: This entry is the stock of proved reserves of crude. Proved reserves are those quantities of petroleum which. Currency: This entry identifies the national medium of exchange and. Current account balance: This entry records a country's net trade in. These figures are calculated on. PPP) terms. Data code: This entry gives the official US Government digraph that. AF, for example, is the data code for Afghanistan. This two- letter. Federal Information Processing Standards Publication (FIPS) 1. National Institute of Standards and Technology at the US Department of Commerce. Office of the Geographer and Global Issues at the US. Department of State. The data code is used to eliminate confusion and. CODES cross- references various country data codes and Appendix E: Cross- references various hydrographic data codes. Data codes - country: This information is presented in Appendix D. Cross- Reference List of Country Data Codes which includes the US. Government approved Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) codes, the. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) codes, and Internet codes. Data codes - hydrographic: This information is presented in Appendix E. Cross- Reference List of Hydrographic Data Codes which includes the. International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) codes, Aeronautical Chart and. Information Center (ACIC; now a part of the National Imagery and Mapping Agency. NIMA) codes, and Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) codes for hydrographic. The US Government has not yet approved a standard for hydrographic. FIPS 1. 0- 4 standard for country data codes. Date of information: In general, information available as of 1 January. Death rate: This entry gives the average annual number of deaths. Some of the topics addressed are population age structure, fertility, health, mortality, poverty, education, and migration. Dependency ratios: Dependency ratios are a measure of the age structure of a population. They relate the number of individuals that are likely to be economically . Dependency ratios contrast the ratio of youths (ages 0- 1. Changes in the dependency ratio provide an indication of potential social support requirements resulting from changes in population age structures. As fertility levels decline, the dependency ratio initially falls because the proportion of youths decreases while the proportion of the population of working age increases. As fertility levels continue to decline, dependency ratios eventually increase because the proportion of the population of working age starts to decline and the proportion of elderly persons continues to increase. The total dependency ratio is the ratio of combined youth population (ages 0- 1. In addition, the US has diplomatic relations with 3 independent states. UN - Holy See, Switzerland, and Tuvalu. Diplomatic representation from the US: This entry includes the. FAX number, branch office locations. Diplomatic representation in the US: This entry includes the chief. FAX number, consulate general locations, consulate. Disputes - international: This entry includes a wide variety of. Information regarding disputes over international. US Department of. State. References to other situations involving borders or frontiers may also be. Japan facts, information, pictures . Supplemental material has been added to increase coverage of minor cities, facts have been updated, and some material has been condensed. Readers are encouraged to visit the Department of State's web site at http: //travel. INTRODUCTIONFor a country that lived in self- imposed isolation until 1. Japan has not hesitated to make up for lost time. It is a place of ancient gods and customs but is also the cutting edge of cool modernity. High- speed trains whisk you from one end of the country to another with frightening punctuality. You can catch sight of a farmer tending his paddy field, then turn the corner and find yourself next to a neon- festooned electronic games parlor in the suburb of a sprawling metropolis. Few other countries have, in the space of mere generations, experienced so much or made such an impact. Industrialized at lightning speed, Japan shed its feudal trappings to become the most powerful country in Asia in a matter of decades. After defeat in World War II, it transformed itself to a wondereconomy, the envy of the globe. In the cities you will first be struck by the mass of people. In this mountainous country, the vast majority of the 1. Honshu. The three other main islands, running north to south, are Hokkaido, Shikoku, and Kyushu, and all are linked to Honshu by bridges and tunnels that are part of one of Japan's modern wonders—its efficient transport network of trains and highways. Outside the cities, there is a vast range of options from the wide open spaces and deep volcanic lakes of Hokkaido, blanketed by snow every winter, to the balmy subtropical islands of Okinawa. You will seldom have to travel far to catch sight of a lofty castle, ancient temple or shrine, or locals celebrating at a colorful street festival. The Japanese are inveterate travelers within their own country and there is hardly a town or village, no matter how small or plain, that does not boast some unique attraction. Rampant development and sometimes appalling pollution is difficult to square with a country also renowned for cleanliness and appreciation of nature. Part of the problem is that natural cataclysms, such as earthquakes and typhoons, regularly hit Japan, so few people expect things to last for long. And yet, time and again, Japan redeems itself with unexpectedly beautiful landscapes, charmingly courteous people, and its tangible sense of history and cherished traditions. Most intriguing of all is the opaqueness at the heart of this mysterious hidden culture that stems from a blurring of traditional boundaries between East and West. Japan is neither wholly one nor the other. MAJOR CITIESTokyo. Tokyo, the capital of Japan and one of the world's largest cities in terms of area, is at the head of Tokyo Bay on the Kanto Plain, the largest level area in the country. The city proper covers 2. The 7. 96- square- mile metropolitan area occupies sea- level stretches along. Tokyo developed originally around a feudal castle built during the 1. Toward the end of that century, a great feudal lord named Tokugawa Iyeyasu ruled this castle and the surrounding area. In 1. 60. 3, after a series of civil wars, he established himself as shogun, or military dictator, of all Japan, and administered his rule from Edo, which later was called Tokyo. Under succeeding rulers of the Tokugawa dynasty, the city grew in importance and became the leading commercial center of the area. Tokyo has been, for all practical purposes, the capital of Japan since 1. Ky. The court moved to Tokyo, and a Western- style government was established in the late 1. Besides being the seat of government, Tokyo is the industrial, commercial, financial, communications, and educational center of Japan. It has over 7,9. 00 factories or plants with 3. It is Japan's most international city, with more than 1. Americans. Most foreign companies doing business in Japan have their headquarters here. Tokyo is a vital metropolis of striking contrasts—of confusion and calm. Business and residential properties are side by side, giving the city a patchwork- quilt impression. It has lovely parks and shrines, broad thoroughfares, modern office buildings and hotels, expressways, and department stores similar to those in other large international cities. Beyond all this, however, lies another world of narrow streets, markets, theaters, restaurants, and Japanese- style houses that make Tokyo a unique city. Utilities. Electricity in Tokyo is single phase 1. HZ) electric current. Most U. S.- manufactured appliances will operate satisfactorily as long as they will tolerate 5. Electric timing devices and clocks that are designed for standard U. Most appliances manufactured for Tokyo use require 1. Food. Most food items available in the U. S. Throughout the city one can conveniently locate greengrocers, convenience- type stores, and large modern supermarkets. Clothing General: Bring a four- season wardrobe for all family members. Winter clothing is advised for the cold and damp winter months. Summer in Tokyo can be very hot and humid. Raincoats and umbrellas are essential. Local department and specialty stores carry a variety of Western- style clothes and imported items from the design centers of the world for both men and women but are generally available in sizes unique to the Japanese physique and are very expensive. Excellent quality silks, woolens, and various synthetics are available. Shoes for men, women and children are available locally but it is difficult, and sometimes impossible, to find the proper size. Shoe sizes are shorter and wider than in the U. S. If you need special sizes or particular brands in clothing and shoes in order to be properly fitted, bring them with you. Office dress as well as sports and casual attire follow Washington or U. S. Social functions are not extremely dressy. Simple good taste is the best criterion. Men: The accepted attire for dinner parties, unless otherwise stated, is a business suit. Women: An afternoon dress, a simple long dress, or long skirt and top are suitable for the frequent cocktail parties, receptions, and buffet dinners. Formal attire is a floor- length dress. Bring at least one full skirt (either long or short) that would be appropriate for dining in Japanese restaurants or homes where guests sit on tatami mats on the floor. Children: A variety of children's clothing is available; sizes are not a big problem but prices are high. Supplies and Services. The following items are available at higher prices: toiletries for men and women, cosmetics, feminine personal supplies, tobacco items, home medicines and drugs; common household items, including minor repair materials; and entertainment supplies such as candles, napkins. All basic services- laundry, drycleaning, barber and beauty shops, shoe, and automobile repair- are available. Domestic Help. The number and type of domestics varies with the obligations and living pattern of the employee. The hourly rate for part- time domestics is approximately Y1,0. Salaries for full- time domestics vary but generally you can expect to pay $1,0. Domestics are covered by Japanese national health insurance but are not covered by unemployment insurance. Many employers assume partial obligation for doctors' bills and for the placement of a domestic in another position when they leave Japan. Those who sponsor non- Japanese domestics are responsible for assuring their departure from. Japan if not placed with a qualified sponsor. Part- time maids are available as babysitters when those services are needed. Teenagers charge from Y5. Y1,0. 00 per hour. Religious Activities. English- language services are available in the Tokyo and Yokohama areas for members of most denominations. Religions represented include Roman Catholic, Baptist, Seventh- day Adventist, Episcopal, Mormon, Christian Scientist, Lutheran, Interdenominational, Jewish, and Interdenominational Charismatic. The churches offer a variety of fellowship for all age groups and combined programs to provide services for the benefit of the foreign community in the area. Education. Tokyo has a wide selection of excellent schools that provide education comparable to that available in the best schools in the U. S. The school styles range from open classroom to more structured approaches; sports, music, drama, and other outside activities are provided in varying degrees. Graduates from the schools in the area have no difficulty being accepted by the best U. S. To accommodate the requirements of children with special needs, parents should be certain to communicate directly with the schools regarding individual educational needs and programs available. The school year is from September to June. It is essential to communicate with the schools as early as possible since competition for spaces is keen. Most schools begin accepting applications for the upcoming school year in November of the current year. Most of the private schools maintain waiting lists. Upon acceptance, many schools require an early commitment on the part of the family and may require a non- refundable deposit. The schools in the Tokyo area most frequently used are listed below. Each is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. A physical examination is required by most of the schools. The American School in Japan (ASIJ) (1- 1, Nomizu 1- comme, Chofushi, Tokyo 1. Western Association of Schools and Colleges. It is an overseas member of the National Association of Independent Schools of the United States and is affiliated with the International Schools Service. Of the 1,4. 00 students, 6. American, 1. 5% are Japanese and the rest third- country nationals. The curriculum is similar to that of the best U. S. In addition, Japanese language and area studies are offered in all grades. The facilities include. The emphasis is on individualized instruction through the modular schedule in the secondary schools and through employment of team teaching as a means of greater flexibility in the elementary school.
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