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Kristina Rihanoff certainly seemed smitten with Ben Cohen as they strode hand in hand into the 'Together for Short Lives' Midsummer Ball in London. Original Article. A Low-Carbohydrate as Compared with a Low-Fat Diet in Severe Obesity. Frederick F. Samaha, M.D., Nayyar Iqbal, M.D., Prakash Seshadri, M.D., Kathryn. It's easier to eat slowly when your meal actually tastes good, so the French diet shuns processed foods in favor of anything fresh and real. The Dukan Diet is a diet plan originating in France. It is a protein-based diet designed by French doctor Pierre Dukan. Dr Dukan has been promoting his diet for over. Before viewing my diet suggestions, please understand that health begins with what you eliminate from your diet, not with what you add. The first step in recovery and. Kristina Rihanoff and Ben Cohen go to London charity ball. She recently revealed that she wants to marry Ben Cohen in a 'romantic hotel' in front of their loved ones. And Kristina Rihanoff certainly seemed smitten with the sportsman as they strode hand in hand into the 'Together for Short Lives' Midsummer Ball in London. Home » Diet » Dr. Gundry: Turning off Autoimmunity with a Lectin Avoidance Diet. Gundry: Turning off Autoimmunity with a Lectin Avoidance Diet. The low carbohydrate diet provides the ultimate nutritional program for healing and health preservation. The former Strictly Come Dancing star, 3. Wednesday night. Scroll down for video Sweet: Kristina Rihanoff certainly seemed smitten with Ben Cohen as they strode hand in hand into the 'Together for Short Lives' Midsummer Ball in London. Kristina, who shares a one- year- old daughter Milena with Ben, looked chic in the slim- fitting gown. Boasting a demure floor- skimming hemline and an opulent diamond collar, the garment was perfect for the charity bash - which was held to help raise money for the UK's sickest children. Injecting a dose of sparkle to her look, Kristina added a pair of towering metallic peep- toe platforms and carried a silver clutch. Smitten: The former Strictly Come Dancing star, 3. Wednesday night. Injecting a dose of sparkle: Kristina added a pair of towering metallic peep- toe platforms and carried a silver clutch. Rich Cohen’s ninth book, on the 1985 Chicago Bears, will appear in October. Robert Clark’s story on the Denisovans was published last month. Zachary Cohen is a CNN Politics breaking news reporter, covering topics ranging from defense to national security. A late bloomer, Leonard’s Montreal-born son is a singer-songwriter who found his own voice only when he embraced his familial legacy. She styled her blonde locks in preened waves and framed her features with a heavy application of make- up. Meanwhile, Ben looked every inch the dapper gent in a sharp black suit teamed with black patent brogues. The couple met in 2. Strictly Come Dancing - while Ben was still married to Abby Blayney. Awkward: The couple met in 2. Strictly Come Dancing - while Ben was still married to Abby Blayney. Looking good: Kristina, who shares a one- year- old daughter Milena with Ben, looked chic in the slim- fitting gown. Polished: Kristina framed her features with a heavy application of make- up. Since their divorce was cemented, Kristina revealed what their potential wedding could be like.'I just want to have my loved ones next to me. It doesn't matter where it is or what we do,' she told The Sun.'If I had to choose, it's be a nice hotel, somewhere small and romantic. It would be amazing to have all my friends and family together.'Speaking about her daughter, who she gave birth to last June, she added: 'I love waking up in the morning and seeing Mila's face. Her little smile is the best.'Glam: She styled her peroxide blonde locks in preened waves that effortlessly framed her face. Big plans: Since their divorce was cemented, Kristina revealed what their potential wedding could be like. Exciting: 'If I had to choose, it's be a nice hotel, somewhere small and romantic. It would be amazing to have all my friends and family together,' Kristina said. Ben already has two daughters, Harriet and Isabelle, with his ex- wife Abby. The couple, who met in 1. Ben was just 1. 7, split in September 2. On their first Christmas Eve spent apart in 2. Abby tweeted: 'Don't want to get up!! If it wasn't for that woman me and Ben would still be married. But so what? I'm moving on,' she told The Mirror last year.'I don't want to talk about being the ditched wife. Ben's getting on with his life. I wish him well with his new family.'Former flames: Ben already has two daughters, Harriet and Isabelle, with his ex- wife Abby - who said last year that if it wasn't for Kristina they would still be together. Columbia Weight Loss Center, Columbia, MD (4. 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Caleb Bradham began experimenting with. He succeeded beyond. Pepsi- Cola. Caleb Bradham knew. He did so by concocting his own. His creation, a unique mixture. People. responded, and sales of Pepsi- Cola started to grow, convincing. In 1. 90. 2, he launched. Pepsi- Cola Company in the back room of his pharmacy, and. U. S. Patent Office for a trademark. At first, he. mixed the syrup himself and sold it exclusively through soda. But soon Caleb recognized that a greater opportunity. Pepsi so that people could drink it anywhere. The business began to. June 1. 6, 1. 90. Patent Office. That year, Caleb sold. By the end. of 1. Pepsi- Cola franchises in 2. Pepsi- Cola's first. Caleb's pharmacy. Building a. strong franchise system was one of Caleb's greatest. Local Pepsi- Cola bottlers, entrepreneurial in. They were the cornerstone of the Pepsi- Cola. By 1. 90. 7, the new company was selling more than. Growth was phenomenal. Caleb erected a headquarters so spectacular that the. New Bern pictured it on a postcard. Famous racing car. Barney Oldfield endorsed Pepsi in newspaper ads as .
He was. even mentioned as a possible candidate for Governor. A 1. 91. 3. editorial in the Greensboro Patriot praised him for his . Caleb now promoted Pepsi sales with. It will satisfy you. Sugar prices see sawed between record highs and. Pepsi- Cola. By 1. It wasn't until a successful candy manufacturer, Charles. G. Guth, appeared on the scene that the future of Pepsi- Cola was. Guth was president of Loft Incorporated, a large chain. He was right. After five owners and 1. Pepsi- Cola was once again a thriving. One oddity of the. Pepsi- Cola's sales were. Baltimore building apparently owned. Coca- Cola, and named for its president. Within two years. Pepsi would earn $1 million for its new owner. With the. resurgence came new confidence, a rarity in those days because. Great Depression. The new name, Pepsi- Cola, is derived from. It is. first used on August 2. Bradham applies. to the U. S. Patent Office for a trademark for the Pepsi- Cola. In keeping with. its origin as a pharmacist's concoction, Bradham's advertising. It will satisfy you. The trademark is. Soviet Union. 1. 93. A newspaper. cartoon strip, . A new, more. modern logo is adopted. In support of. America's war effort, Pepsi changes the color of its bottle. A Pepsi canteen in Times Square. New York, operates throughout the war, enabling more than a. The . The. logo is again updated. Americans become. Pepsi's lower. caloric content is implemented with . Sometimes referred to as . A distinctive . Vice- President Richard Nixon meet in. The meeting, over Pepsi, is photo- captioned in the U. S. Pepsi recognizes the change, and positions Pepsi as. The Pepsi Generation. You're in the Pepsi Generation. It is the first time a product is identified, not so. A new product. Diet Pepsi, is introduced into Pepsi- Cola advertising. The paleo diet is the hottest fad diet since vegetarianism. If you're not familiar with the movement, paleo folks eat a “paleolithic” or “caveman” diet of. Note: This story was dynamically reformatted for online reading convenience. Diet Pepsi was originally created in the US under the name Patio in 1963. Following a positive reception attributed to the shifting dietary habits and preferences. Diet Pepsi's. first independent campaign, . Advertising for another new. Mountain Dew, a regional brand acquired in 1. Pepsi. pours it on. The. campaign, while product- oriented, adheres closely to the. Pepsi Generation campaign. Pepsi's got a lot to give. Youth and lifestyle are still. It pictures us the way we are- one people. The Pepsi. Challenge, a landmark marketing strategy, convinces millions of. Pepsi's taste is superior. Patriotism has. been restored by an exuberant celebration of the U. S. The time is right and so is their soft drink. The Choice of a New Generation. The two spots quickly become . Geraldine. Ferraro, the first woman nominated to be vice president of the. U. S., stars in a Diet Pepsi spot. And the irrepressible Michael. J. Fox brings a special talent, style and spirit to a series of. Pepsi and Diet Pepsi commercials, including a classic. Music. legend Ray Charles stars in a new Diet Pepsi campaign, . Supermodel Cindy Crawford stars in an. Pepsi's updated logo. Celebrities join. Mountain Dew growth. Dew Crew. whose claim to fame is that, except for the unique great taste. Leaked Files Show How the CIA Can Hack Your Router to Spy on You. The CIA has had the ability to turn routers and network access points into surveillance devices for years, according to secret documents published by Wiki. Leaks on Thursday. In the latest installment of its Vault 7 series of leaks, Wiki. Leaks has disclosed an alleged CIA program known as Cherry. Blossom. The purpose of the initiative is to replace a router’s firmware with a CIA- modified version known as Fly. Trap. In some cases, Wiki. Leaks says, physical access to the device may not even be necessary. The potential applications of this toolkit are harrowing. With control over their router, a remote observer could monitor the target’s local network and internet traffic and inject malicious malware for a variety of purposes—injecting keyloggers to collect passwords or seizing control of a device’s camera and microphone, for example. Further, Cherry. Blossom would allow the CIA to detect when a person is using their home network and divert the user’s traffic through predetermined servers. Most of the router listed in the leak are older models, indicating that the documents themselves may be somewhat outdated, though there are undoubtedly plenty of targets still using the affected devices. One document, which is not dated, lists over 2. Wi. Fi devices allegedly susceptible to the Cherry. Blossom program. Once Fly. Trap is deployed successfully, agents are able to monitor the target using a web- based platform called Cherry. Web, the documents say. The command- and- control server that receives the data collected by Fly. Trap is codenamed Cherry. Tree. The Cherry. Blossom disclosure is part of an ongoing Wiki. Leaks series titled Vault 7 which began on March 7 with the leaking of weaponized 0- day exploits used by the CIA in targeting a wide range of US and foreign products, including i. Phones, Android devices, and Samsung TVs. The CIA did not immediately respond to a request for comment. The Colon Cancer Alliance’s mission is to knock colon cancer out of the top three cancer killers. We are doing this by championing prevention, funding cutting-edge.Colon Cancer: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments. Colon cancer, also known as colorectal cancer, is the second- leading cause of cancer deaths in both men and women. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 5. Americans died from colon cancer in 2. The disease affects slightly more men than women, and risk increases with age. Sometimes the polyps look like stalks of cauliflower, sometimes they're flat. Richard Goldberg, the physician- in- chief and a professor of medicine at The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute. The colon, or large intestine, is a curving structure that continues the digestion of food from the small intestine, absorbs liquid out of the stool and carries it down to the rectum for elimination. These factors include genetics, diet and health. Individuals with a family history of colon cancer, especially if more than one relative has had the disease, are at increased risk. Also, two genetic syndromes, familial adenomatous polyposis and Lynch syndrome, have been associated with colon cancer. Colon cancer is rare in countries where red meat is less common on the menu. For instance, . Health factors such as obesity, diabetes and lack of exercise are associated with increased risk. Moreover, inflammatory disease such as other types of cancer or conditions such as ulcerative colitis can increase the likelihood of developing colon cancer. As with many cancers, colon cancer develops from the complex interplay of many factors, and no two individuals are the same. Colon polyps are small growths on the inside lining of the colon or rectum. Most colon cancers begin as polyps. Credit: Ross Toro, My. Health. News. Daily Symptoms & screens. Symptoms that may indicate the presence of cancer cells in the colon or rectum include blood in bowel movements, weight loss, stomach pains and constipation or diarrhea. Often, individuals will not experience any symptoms of colon cancer until it has become advanced. For this reason, the U. Colorectal cancer (CRC), also known as bowel cancer and colon cancer, is the development of cancer from the colon or rectum (parts of the large intestine). Colon cancer symptoms can run the gamut from local, such as blood in the stool and constipation, to systemic, such as weight loss and fatigue. Colon cancer — Comprehensive overview covers symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of colon cancers. What are the causes and risk factors of colon cancer? S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that all individuals ages 5. African Americans, who have an increased risk, are advised to begin screening at age 4. American College of Gastroenterology. The FOBT checks stool samples for blood cells, and should be done annually, the CDC reports. In a Flex Sig, a doctor can look at the bottom third of the colon, unlike a colonoscopy, which includes an examination of the entire colon. It typically doesn’t require sedation. Colonoscopies are generally done under anesthesia, and patients, who are typically groggy after the procedure, often don't return to work that day and will need a ride home. The colonoscope allows doctors to blow air into the colon, which helps find tumors that may be hiding behind the colon's many wrinkles and folds, Goldberg said. Doctors can also take a biopsy or remove suspicious polyps during the colonoscopy. In other words, earlier stages in which the cancer is small and localized may require less intervention. Typically, surgery can effectively remove small tumors and chemotherapy is prescribed to kill any remaining cells. Chemotherapy drugs commonly used for colon cancer include irinotecan, oxaliplatin, capacitabine and 5- fluorouracil. Often, the remaining colon can be reconnected to the rectum, but if the cancer has also reached the rectum, a colostomy may be needed. In this procedure, a surgeon creates an opening in the abdomen and attaches a colostomy . Chemotherapy and radiation are then prescribed to kill remaining cancer cells, and control as much as possible the spread of the disease. Alternative treatment. Although there is no scientific evidence to show that alternative treatments can treat or cure colon cancer, certain therapies can improve the quality of life of cancer patients. In addition, exercise and meditation can improve mood and appetite. In fact, daily exercise can improve life outcomes for people with localized colon cancer, according to a 2. International Journal of Cancer. Information on local groups can be found through organizations including the Colon Cancer Alliance, Cancer Care and the American Cancer Society. With additional reporting by Amber Angelle, My Health News Daily Contributor. Follow Laura Geggel on Twitter @Laura. Geggel and Google+. Follow Live Science @livescience, Facebook & Google+. Colorectal cancer - Wikipedia. Colorectal cancer. Synonyms. Colon cancer, rectal cancer, bowel cancer. Diagram of the lower gastrointestinal tract. Specialty. Oncology. Symptoms. Blood in the stool, change in bowel movements, weight loss, feeling tired all the time. If a large polyp or tumor is found, a biopsy may be performed to check if it is cancerous. Aspirin and other non- steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs decrease the risk. The classic warning signs include: worsening constipation, blood in the stool, decrease in stool caliber (thickness), loss of appetite, loss of weight, and nausea or vomiting in someone over 5. A number of genetic syndromes are also associated with higher rates of colorectal cancer. The most common of these is hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC or Lynch syndrome) which is present in about 3% of people with colorectal cancer. For people with these syndromes, cancer almost always occurs and makes up 1% of the cancer cases. Colectomy, removal of the colon, may not suffice as a preventative measure because of the high risk of rectal cancer if the rectum remains. A gene that appears to contribute to the potential for metastatic disease, metastasis associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1), has been isolated. This gene is associated with the proliferation, invasion and scattering of colon cancer cells in cell culture, and tumor growth and metastasis in mice. MACC1 may be a potential target for cancer intervention, but this possibility needs to be confirmed with clinical studies. The mutations can be inherited or acquired, and most probably occur in the intestinal cryptstem cell. The APC protein prevents the accumulation of . Without APC, . These genes are normally important for stem cell renewal and differentiation, but when inappropriately expressed at high levels, they can cause cancer. While APC is mutated in most colon cancers, some cancers have increased . The p. 53 protein, produced by the TP5. Wnt pathway defects. Eventually, a cell line acquires a mutation in the TP5. Sometimes the gene encoding p. BAX is mutated instead. Sometimes TGF- . For example, genes encoding the proteins KRAS, RAF, and PI3. K, which normally stimulate the cell to divide in response to growth factors, can acquire mutations that result in over- activation of cell proliferation. The chronological order of mutations is sometimes important. If a previous APC mutation occurred, a primary KRAS mutation often progresses to cancer rather than a self- limiting hyperplastic or borderline lesion. Progressing through a distinct set of genetic events, hypermutated tumors display mutated forms of ACVR2. A, TGFBR2, MSH3, MSH6, SLC9. A9, TCF7. L2, and BRAF. The common theme among these genes, across both tumor types, is their involvement in WNT and TGF- . Plus a schematic diagram indicating a likely field defect (a region of tissue that precedes and predisposes to the development of cancer) in this colon segment. The diagram indicates sub- clones and sub- sub- clones that were precursors to the tumors. The term . Yet there is evidence that more than 8. Likewise, epigenetic alterations present in tumors may have occurred in pre- neoplastic field defects. An expanded view of field effect has been termed . As described by Vogelstein et al.. The oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are well studied and are described above under Pathogenesis. However, by comparison, epigenetic alterations in colon cancers are frequent and affect hundreds of genes. For instance, there are types of small RNAs called micro. RNAs that are about 2. These micro. RNAs (or mi. RNAs) do not code for proteins, but they can target protein coding genes and reduce their expression. Expression of these mi. RNAs can be epigenetically altered. As one example, the epigenetic alteration consisting of Cp. G island methylation of the DNA sequence encoding mi. R- 1. 37 reduces its expression. This is a frequent early epigenetic event in colorectal carcinogenesis, occurring in 8. The altered adjacent tissues associated with these cancers are called field defects. Silencing of mi. R- 1. RNA. Other micro. RNAs, with likely comparable numbers of target genes, are even more frequently epigenetically altered in colonic field defects and in the colon cancers that arise from them. These include mi. R- 1. 24a, mi. R- 3. R- 3. 42 which are silenced by Cp. G island methylation of their encoding DNA sequences in primary tumors at rates of 9. Of the hypermethylated genes, 1. Disease extent is usually determined by a CT scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis. Other potential imaging tests such as PET and MRI may be used in certain cases. Colon cancer staging is done next, based on the TNM system which considers how much the initial tumor has spread, if and where lymph nodes are involved and the extent of metastatis. A pathology report usually contains a description of cell type and grade. The most common colon cancer cell type is adenocarcinoma (9. This very rarely causes obstruction of feces, and presents with symptoms such as anemia. Left- sided tumors tend to be circumferential, and can obstruct the bowel lumen, much like a napkin ring, and results in thinner caliber stools. Microscopy. It invades the wall, infiltrating the muscularis mucosae layer, the submucosa, and then the muscularis propria. Tumor cells describe irregular tubular structures, harboring pluristratification, multiple lumens, reduced stroma (. Sometimes, tumor cells are discohesive and secrete mucus, which invades the interstitium producing large pools of mucus. This occurs in mucinous adenocarcinoma, in which cells are poorly differentiated. If the mucus remains inside the tumor cell, it pushes the nucleus at the periphery, this occurs in . Besides the primary tumor a lot of lesions can be seen. On cursor position: lung nodule. Fungating carcinoma of the colon. Micrographs (H& E stain)Cancer — Invasive adenocarcinoma (the most common type of colorectal cancer). The cancerous cells are seen in the center and at the bottom right of the image (blue). Near normal colon- lining cells are seen at the top right of the image. Cancer — Histopathologic image of colonic carcinoid. Precancer — Tubular adenoma (left of image), a type of colonic polyp and a precursor of colorectal cancer. Normal colorectal mucosa is seen on the right. Staging. The Astler- Coller classification (1. Dukes classification (1. The T stages of bowel cancer. Dukes stage A bowel cancer; the cancer is only in the inner lining of the bowel. Dukes stage B bowel cancer; the cancer has invaded the muscle. Dukes stage C bowel cancer; the cancer has invaded the nearby lymph nodes. Dukes stage D bowel cancer; the cancer has metastasized. The most common metastasis sites for colorectal cancer are the liver, the lung and the peritoneum. It has been postulated to represent an epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Tumor budding is a well- established independent marker of a potentially poor outcome in colorectal carcinoma that may allow for dividing people into risk categories more meaningful than those defined by TNM staging, and also potentially guide treatment decisions, especially in T1 and T3 N0 (Stage II, Dukes’ B) colorectal carcinoma. Unfortunately, its universal acceptance as a reportable factor has been held back by a lack of definitional uniformity with respect to both qualitative and quantitative aspects of tumor budding. The risk is not negated by regular exercise, though it is lowered. Screening has the potential to reduce colorectal cancer deaths by 6. Annual to biennial FOBT screening reduces colorectal cancer mortality by 1. A positive result should be followed by colonoscopy. If used, screening is recommended every 3 years, starting at age 5. For those at high risk, screenings usually begin at around 4. Examples of countries with organised screening include the United Kingdom. The decision on which aim to adopt depends on various factors, including the person's health and preferences, as well as the stage of the tumor. However, when it is detected at later stages (for which metastases are present), this is less likely and treatment is often directed at palliation, to relieve symptoms caused by the tumour and keep the person as comfortable as possible. This can either be done by an open laparotomy or sometimes laparoscopically. Sometimes chemotherapy is used before surgery to shrink the cancer before attempting to remove it. The two most common sites of recurrence of colorectal cancer are the liver and lungs. The decision to add chemotherapy in management of colon and rectal cancer depends on the stage of the disease. In Stage I colon cancer, no chemotherapy is offered, and surgery is the definitive treatment. The role of chemotherapy in Stage II colon cancer is debatable, and is usually not offered unless risk factors such as T4 tumor or inadequate lymph node sampling is identified. It is also known that the patients who carry abnormalities of the mismatch repair genes do not benefit from chemotherapy. For stage III and Stage IV colon cancer, chemotherapy is an integral part of treatment. If the lymph nodes do not contain cancer, the benefits of chemotherapy are controversial. If the cancer is widely metastatic or unresectable, treatment is then palliative. Typically in this setting, a number of different chemotherapy medications may be used. Some specific regimens used for CRC are FOLFOX, FOLFOXIRI, and FOLFIRI. Another class of drugs used in the second line setting are epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, of which the two FDA approved ones are cetuximab and panitumumab. Often, it is used in conjunction with chemotherapy in a neoadjuvant fashion to enable surgical resection, so that ultimately as colostomy is not required. However, it may not be possible in low lying tumors, in which case, a permanent colostomy may be required. Stage IV rectal cancer is treated similar to stage IV colon cancer. Radiation therapy. Buffering l? Planned Value (PV) l? Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique. Project manager th. VAC – BAC – EACvariance analysis l? Work breakdown structure – c. Right so!: th! Steady as she goes!: th! Stop the engine!: T! 3000 tu tieng anh thong dung.
6 trÒ chAlexander L. Vuving * Trung tâm Nghiên c. Check out 30 Day Detox Diet Plan Challenge to Lose Weight instantly. Also check out the below Do's and Don'ts to maintain a healthy and natural weight loss. Do you think diet is a 4-letter word? Here’s a 21-day (no-diet) weight loss menu you’ll actually enjoy. Want to start eating healthier and lose weight now? These simple and tasty recipes that make up our Full 14 Day Flat Belly Healthy Eating Meal Plan, will help make. Step #1: Magnesium in the Morning. Magnesium may help reduce inflammation and decrease bad bacteria in the stomach. Magnesium deficiency has been linked to obesity. Day Ab Challenge. Envious of the gorgeous, shredded abs you see on your fellow gym- goers? Not sure if you’ve ever seen a ripple of muscle on your belly? Those days are over. Your fabulous abs are waiting to be strengthened, toned, and uncovered with the Skinny. Ms. Fabulous Abs in 3. Days Challenge. Tips for success: 1. SOURCES: Vaccariello, L. Flat Belly Diet! Rodale, 2008. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Want to get a flat tummy fast? This plan from best-selling author Liz Vaccariello may help you beat belly bulge in less than a month. The secret? Drink 2. 5 liters of water each day. Give up all sodas, fast food, and junk food. Eat clean by consuming whole foods and fewer processed foods. Toss the refined sugar. Better yet, skip all added sugar and sweeteners for the next 3. Eat smaller portions by using salad size plates. Equipment needed: yoga mat; interval timer (Gymboss app is a free download from your mobile or tablet)What to Do: Perform 3 circuits of the following routine. Perform each move for 2. The Fabulous Abs in 3. Days workout is designed to hit every angle of the abdominals. Perform the routine below 3 times weekly over the next 3. For example, perform the workout on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. Exercises: 1. Scissor Kicks. Flutter Kicks. 5. Reverse Crunch. 6. Mason Twist. Leg Lifts. Scissor Kicks. Plank. Flutter Kicks. Reverse Crunch. Mason Twist. Be sure to like our Facebook page, follow us on Pinterest, and subscribe to our newsletter to be the first to try out new workouts and view our latest fitness resources. What would you like to see next from Skinny. Ms.? Let us know! Leave us a comment below. The Biggest Loser (season 1. The Biggest Loser: Second Chances 2 is the fifteenth season of the NBCreality television series entitled The Biggest Loser. The contestants competed to win the $2. Rachel Frederickson. It premiered on October 1. Mass- media had raised concern, wondering if that was a healthy weight loss. So, in the following weigh- in, Alison revealed the last weigh- in had been invalid, and so the Blue Team would, once again, be immune, and Ruben, the contestant eliminated in Week 4, would be brought back. And also because of that fact, Jillian's team would receive a 4 pounds disadvantage (1 pound for each member of the team). Week 5 was a two- week weigh- in, resulting in exceptionally higher numbers for this weigh- in. Bobby's 3. 1. 3% weight loss in week 1. David's valid - 2. Rachel's 5. 9. 6. Biggest Loser history. Tumi's 5. 4. 8. 6% weight loss is the highest percentage for an At- Home Winner. Rachel is the first person in Biggest Loser history (Worldwide) to be underweight at the finale. Standings Week's Biggest Loser (Team or Individuals) Week's Biggest Loser and Immunity Immunity (Challenge or Weigh- in) Results from At- Home Players Contestant Withdraws before Weigh- In Contestant was Saved by the respective Trainer. Teams Bob's Team Jillian's Team Dolvett's Team. BMI Underweight (less than 1. BMI) Normal (1. BMI) Overweight (2. BMI) Obese Class I (3. Discover the best foods for weight loss with the help of the dietitian from the hit TV show 'The Biggest Loser.'. The "Biggest Loser" star shares the missing links that lead to lasting results. The Biggest Loser contestants' metabolisms are hugely affected after the season is over. Health & Wellness 'Biggest Loser' creator offers 'Big Fat Truth' about keeping weight off. Research shows that organized weight loss groups have a higher rate of success than individuals. A Life Altering Florida Weight Loss Resort. CALL TOLL FREE (877) 825-8878. Biggest Loser Resort Amelia Island is nestled on 1,350 acres at the tip of a barrier island. The Biggest Loser Diet stresses nutrition and exercise. In six weeks, dieters can lose weight, make progress against diabetes and improve heart health. I’ve been frank in past blogs about the many issues I have with the Biggest Loser franchise, so I’ll spare you my rants in this post. So instead, in the spirit of. BMI) Obese Class II (3. BMI) Obese Class III (greater than 4. BMI)Winners $2. Winner (among the finalists) $1. Winner (among the eliminated contestants)Weigh- In Difference History? X Below red line, only player left on the losing team, or player on the losing team (of only 2 remaining contestants) with the lower percentage of weight loss, automatically eliminated VOID Contestant returns due to voided elimination X On the losing team, escaped the red line X escaped elimination Eliminated or not in house Last person eliminated (at the finale) via public voting WD Contestant quit the competition ? The contestants arrive on the ranch and have the first day of training. Ruben Studdard of American Idol is among the contestants. Then the next day the trainers picked the contestants, the Red (Dolvett), White (Jillian), and Blue (Bob). When it came to the weigh- in, Allison Sweeney announced that, for the first time, there will be a 'Trainer Save,' which saves one person from going home if he/she falls below the red line. At the weigh- in, Blue team lost 8. Red team needed to lose more than 8. David lost a whopping 3. The White team needed to lose more than 7. Blue team to face the Red Line. They only lost 7. Craig was under the red line, automatically eliminated but Jillian used her 'Trainer Save' to keep him in the game. Week 2: . Meanwhile, the contestants faced their first challenge of the season. It starts where each team are strapped to one another and much work together to fill up their tank with water to a certain level. Also in this challenge they had to roll a die to determine how many buckets they can carry to their tank. At the end of the challenge the Blue team barely edged out the Red team to win. They got an extra die to roll to see if they want to use that contestant for the weigh- in. When it came for the weigh- in, Fernanda was representing the White team, Tanya for the Red team and Hap for the Blue team. Hap lost 1. 3 pounds (3. Fernanda stepped on the scale, she only lost two pounds (0. Tanya needed to lose more than two pounds to keep the Red team safe, and she loses four (1. This meant that the White Team has lost the weigh- in again and Fernanda fell below the red line and was automatically eliminated. Week 3: . Her goal is to be 1. For the third week, the contestants came to the gym to find all of the equipment all been taken out. Their next challenge was auctioning off the equipment to each team. The Red Team ended up getting sacks of sugar to work with, the White team ended up getting bench press and weight ball, and the Blue team ended up getting the rest of the equipment. When it came down for the weigh- in, the Red team lost for the first time when Tanya lost no weight and fell below the red line. However, Dolvett uses his Trainer Save to save Tanya from going home, giving her another chance. Week 4: . The winner gets immunity at the weigh- in, but if any teammate gains any weight, they would lose immunity. The Blue team won their third consecutive challenge, much to the shock and dismay of the losing teams. During the workouts, Jillian worked mostly with Tumi and revealed some personal info to her about her past, which helped with her struggle during this week's workout. The Blue team weighed in first; all of the teammates lost weight and received immunity. The White team lost 2. The Red team needed to lose 3. David, Rachel and Jennifer managed to pull off big numbers (Rachel lost 8, David lost 7, and Jennifer lost 6, respectively); unfortunately for Tanya, for the second week in a row, she failed to pull off another big number and only lost 3 pounds. Ruben was the last one to weigh in, and he had to lose more than 1. Ruben failed to reach the goal with only 5 pounds lost and fell below the red line, leading to his automatic—and shocking—elimination, much to the shock and dismay to his teammates, all the other contestants and the trainers. However, a subsequent foul committed by one of the trainers would be uncovered next week—alongside a violation of Standards and Practices; therefore, Ruben's elimination would be voided. Week 5: . The blue team consecutively won the challenge; it was noted that part of their victory was because they convinced one of the kids, Bingo, to eat the vegetables (in which he initially took a disliking of) of their meal. Tanya's sickness caused her to withdraw from the workout with her team, but she eventually recovered enough to workout on her own to catch up. Moments before this week's weight- in, Alison Sweeney explained that there was a rules violation: Jillian Michaels gave her team caffeine supplements without the doctor's permission. Because of this, everything was reset—including the last weight- in—and her team got a four- pound disadvantage—one for each remaining member; therefore, the overall total weight loss doubled from both weeks. Also, the blue team regained their immunity that they won the previous week, and the eliminated player from last week, Ruben, would return to the ranch. This led to fans wondering why the show never checked back in on Ruben's progress at home since his initial axe. Once again, every member of the blue team lost weight—8. The white team lost their third weigh- in, having lost 4. Craig (the recipient of Jillian's trainer save), though he pulled an impressive number, had the lowest combined percentage of the two- week weight loss, resulting in his elimination. Week 6: . He plans to lose 1. Jillian and her team plan to move on after last week. The week's challenge was for each team to be the first to reach 3. The red team won the challenge, ending the blue team's winning streak. Danni Allen, last season's winner, returns to the ranch to give the contestants Subway lunch, in which each healthy sub has only 6- 1. At the weigh- in, the red team kept continuing the winning streak with David losing 1. This is the first time we see the blue team struggle, as they lose their first weigh- in and Matt has the lowest percentage of weight loss. However, Bob, seeing that every member of his team needs every push, decides to use his trainer save on Matt to keep him going. Week 7: . Hap gets to meet his newborn son for the first time. The Blue Team has a special Thanksgiving dinner with their loved ones, and they, with Bob, share the things that they are thankful for. Bob has a talk with one of his team members about coming out of the closet to his parents. At the weigh- in, the Blue team falls two pounds short of beating the White Team, and as a result, Holley falls victim to the red line, resulting in a tearful elimination. Immediately after departure, Alison tells the contestants that Holley will not be the only one leaving the ranch. The episode ends in a cliffhanger. Week 8: . The episode begins with Ali announcing that one contestant will be picked to go home. That contestant was eventually revealed to be Jay. At the weigh- in, the Red team finished up with a weak 1. Blue Team stayed safe (2. Bobby's 1. 2- pound- weight- loss. For the White Team, Jay lost 1. This meant that the Red Team lost the weigh- in, and the shocker returns, as Ruben, who lost just two pounds, fell below the red line and was automatically eliminated for the second time. Week 9: . They are asked multiple choice questions on obesity in the workplace. For every question a team answers correctly, they get a point. The team with the lowest points has to work at the diner all week. The White Team loses the challenge. Ruben reports that he has lost almost 1. February. Dolvett has offered to train Jennifer's daughter who suffers from childhood obesity. At the weigh- in Blue team weighed in first; they posted a 2. The Red team needed to lose 2. Surprisingly, working at the diner surprising proved beneficial to the White team as they lost 2. This meant that the Blue team lost the weigh- in for a third time in four weeks and with a three- pound weight loss, Bobby has the lowest percentage. Week 1. 0: . The contestants finally go to singles. It is announced that at the end of the season, there will be a Biggest Loser Triathlon with the winner getting an automatic place in the finale. Rachel wins the . In a season first, it is announced that two contestants will fall below the red line and be eliminated. At the weigh- in, Rachel weighs in first, but in the end, does not need the one- pound advantage to avoid elimination. Hap and Matt each lose five pounds and are eliminated for having the lowest percentage weight loss of the week. The Biggest Loser (season 1. The Biggest Loser: Challenge America is the fourteenth season of the NBCreality television series entitled The Biggest Loser. The contestants will compete to win a $2. It premiered on January 6, 2. Alongside veteran trainer Bob Harper and returning trainer Dolvett Quince, Jillian Michaels returned for the first time since Season 1. The contestants have been split into 3 teams, the white team trained by Jillian, the blue team by Bob, and the Red team by Dolvett. In addition, three younger contestants (ages 1. This was the first time since season 1. America decided who made it to the live finale. Contestants. A total of fifteen contestants are competing in the season, divided into three teams: Red, Blue and White. Three teenagers are also participating, but are not subject to elimination. Name. Team. Singles. Status. Total Votes. Teenagers. Noah ? And So Is Jillian. Alison Sweeney first introduced the three teenage ambassadors who will compete in the game as the face of childhood obesity: Biingo, Lindsay and Sunny. These contestants will lose weight alongside all the contestants and support their team color throughout the entire season. Afterwards, the trainers Bob, Dolvett and returnee Jillian face the crowd and re- introduce themselves to the new outreach of the show. Alison then called up the fifteen official contestants one by one. Among them are 3. Michael, a father who wants to reach out for his only son; 2. Jackson, the show's first openly gay contestant who wants to stand up for his bullying and sexuality; and 3. TC, a father of three that vowed to lose weight after a car crash affected his older son's capabilities. The fifteen arrive at the Ranch to find out their assigned teams and get straight into the gym for their first workout. While the adults worked out in the gym, Dolvett worked with the teens outside with activity- based exercises. The next day, the contestants competed in their first competition of the season. Teams had to spell out the word . The teens directed the adults from bungee in the air. It was a close three team battle, but the White Team successfully spelled it first, winning the team a five- pound advantage in the first weigh- in. For the last- chance workout, the contestants still showed extreme struggle in the gym, especially for White Team's Nikki. When Jillian worked with Nikki one- on- one, she still lacked motivation and concentration. A frustrated Jillian gave her two options: keep on exercising or walk out. Nikki's emotional toll proved to be too much, and decided to walk out of the ranch for good. At the first weigh- in of the season, contestants received the surprising news of the Red Line, meaning the losing team's last placer would automatically be eliminated by the end of the night. With the White Team's five pound advantage, the four player team lost a total of 6. The Red Team had to lose more than 8. Lastly, the Blue Team had to lose 9. White. Despite Alex's shocking weight loss of only nine pounds, the team was spared with 9. With 3. 9. 9% of weight loss, TC lost the least between Danni, Nathan and Pam, and was therefore eliminated. At the end of the episode, it was revealed that TC currently weighed at 3. Week 2: . Teams trained in specially built outdoor gyms by their trainers for the entire week. The White Team's motivation wasn't enough for Jillian, continuing with her . Because of their lack of working harder for the week, Jillian takes her team inside to personally improve and rejuvenate their skills. For Week 2's challenge, Biingo, Lindsay and Sunny returned with their teams alongside NFL player Antonio Gates. Teams competed against each other in football obstacle courses to test their speed, strength and agility. With a three for three, the White Team pulled another surprising win. The White Team won Sunny's school a $5,0. NFL football player. On the second weigh- in, the Blue Team hit a strong note until Jeff's shocking zero weight loss for the week. The Red Team easily surpassed Blue's total weight loss. The White Team lost only one pound shy of beating the Blue Team. Nathan fell victim to the red line with his five- pound weight loss, and was eliminated. Since leaving the ranch, Nathan recently weighed in at 2. Week 3: . The team who accumulated the least points would suffer the disadvantage of being isolated in a temptation room full of junk food and video games. The Red Team won the challenge with 3,0. With the Blue and White Team tied in at 2,0. White Team won. The Blue Team's loss gave them the disadvantage of being locked in the room for 4 1. Back home with the teenagers, Dr. Joanna Dolgoff visited their parents for their continuous benefit. The ranch, later in the week, went forward with another weekly challenge to win groceries for a year. Team members had to rummage through a sticky pit of bubblegum to a giant gumball machine, operating the machines until they obtained twenty for their team. With the White Team with only two members, Danni was recruited to help the Blue Team and Pam to cheer on for the Red Team (because she was not medically fit for the challenge). Red won their team challenge. At the weigh- in, tensions ran high yet again with the White Team. But first, the Blue Team posed a strong team percentage of 2. However, after Cate's, Jackson's and Lisa's weight loss of two pounds, the Red Team finished with a weak 1. After two painful weeks, the White Team achieved their first weigh- in victory with Danni's six pound weight loss and Pam's staggering nine pound weight loss. The Red Team suffered their first weigh- in loss, and faced the brand new elimination voting booth adjacent to the gym. Joe, being the team's highest percentage, was immune from elimination. With three votes, Cate was eliminated. Returning home, Cate weighs in at 1. Week 4: . If the group failed to meet the goal, the person with the lowest percentage of weight loss would fall below the red line. After a pop challenge about nutrition and a fitness test (where the kids served as ambassadors), the weight needed was reduced to 6. In the gym, ebullience transformed into tension after several contestants were giving up. Gina blew a fuse after a conflict with Joe, causing Jillian to grow very frustrated. Alex was also swathed in a defeatist mind- set after Jillian stressed that she wasn't doing her absolute best. Despite this emotional rollercoaster, they managed to mend fences. At the challenge, the contestants had to dig sand from dunes, finding five green arrows. Once they found all five, they had to retrieve a flag and race to the end of the pier to hoist it. They managed to do so with six seconds to spare, giving them another 1. Instead of showing a last chance workout, the players went through a trust building exercise, where two people would hold hands and sidestep across a thin wire, as the gap increased between wires. Even though there were tense pairings (such as Gina and Joe), the contestants got to experience trust on a whole new level. At the weigh in, the goal number was 5. There were a lot of mixed feelings, as Gina's positive mind- set ticked Jillian off, the latter saying that Gina should have been positive this whole week. Danni lost 7 pounds, starting the team off strong, and falling into . However, the rest of the contestants pulled dismal numbers: Joe lost 6, Alex lost 3, Jackson lost 5, and Gina and Jeff lost 4. Jeff, positive that he would go home, was left speechless when Francelina only lost 2 pounds, falling below the red line. Francelina was eliminated, and Jeff especially was very upset about it, as he and Francelina formed a very special bond throughout the competition. Since leaving the ranch, Francelina is down to 1. She looks at exercise as a form of catharsis, and she and Jeff are officially dating. Week 9: . The contestants placed blocks on other contestants' podiums. The winner was the contestant who placed the most blocks on other contestants' podiums to . Jackson was begging other contestants to save Gina and his plan worked, and he was to be sent home. Joe won the challenge, placing 2. When Jackson was told he had to choose one other contestant to go home with him off the ranch, Jeff volunteered to go. At the other challenge the contestants had to hold 4. Gina won, earning immunity, as long as she didn't gain weight. The contestants had to face their biggest fear Gina had to lay in a coffin until she told Jillian why she needed to be at the ranch, while Danni had to sing in public, Alex had to get down and dirty in the mud, and Joe had to swim 1. At the weigh in Gina lost 7 lbs with immunity she was safe, Jackson and Alex both fell below the yellow line by 1 lb. At the elimination, Alex was voted off. Since she first started at The Biggest Loser, she has lost 7. Week 1. 0: . Tim Gunn and Ken Paves arrive to help the contestants find new looks to help them complete their transformations. Following their makeovers, all of the contestants are sent home for the rest of the week, where they reveal their new bodies to their friends and family members. As the contestants settle back into life at home, they are given a challenge from Allison: if the contestants can lose 5% of their respective body weights while at home, they will be granted immunity. Anyone who fails to lose 5% of his or her body weight will be up for elimination. After their week at home, the contestants return to the ranch for the weigh in. Danni is up first. To win immunity, she needs to lose at least nine pounds. She manages to lose ten, successfully meeting her goal and winning immunity. Jackson is next. He needs to lose a minimum of twelve pounds to win immunity. He loses fifteen pounds and wins immunity as well. Joe weighs in next. He needs to lose at least fourteen pounds to win immunity, but has a personal goal to lose at least fifteen pounds. He exceeds both goals, losing a total of seventeen pounds. Jeff is the fourth to weigh in, and to win immunity he must also lose at least fourteen pounds. AATU 80/20 Duck Dog Food is available to buy. Puppy; Cat; Kitten; Small Pet;.Bringing home one of these furry bundles of joy is often among a pet owner’s most treasured memories. The first few weeks will be filled with special milestones and precious bonding time. They will also fly by surprisingly quickly. In no time at all, you will be looking at photos and remarking, “I can’t believe how little he was!” or “He stole my heart from the very beginning.” But to ensure that you look back fondly on the start of life with your new pet, you must take a few steps to help him grow into a well- behaved adult. Sure, all puppies are cute, but they tend to lose some of their charm when you discover chewed- up shoes or soiled carpets. Problems like these can detract from your pet’s appeal faster than you can say “peep- toe sling back.” The easiest way to help your beloved pup become a pleasant companion is to train him. START EARLYMany owners see housetraining as the first step in in the dog- training process. Teaching a pup the proper spot for elimination is certainly an essential part of his early education – housetraining should in fact begin on the very day of your puppy’s homecoming. The mistake some owners make, however, is in thinking that other types of training should follow housetraining. Perhaps you don’t want to overwhelm your pet, or maybe you worry that additional training will distract him from his housetraining goals. But the truth is that basic obedience training should reinforce your pup’s housetraining progress, not hamper it. When it comes to training, that old joke about voting can be applied: train early and train often. It will be far easier to teach your puppy how you want him to behave now than to correct unwanted behaviors later. What is the best puppy food for labs and large breeds? Too much calcium in a Labrador puppy’s diet increases the risk. By Cesar Millan People often ask me at what age they should start puppy training. When to Begin House Training Puppy. Crate Training Basics Healthy Dogs Guide. Diet & Nutrition; Behavior & Training; Puppy Care; Preventive Care; Common Conditions;. Dog Breeds Health & Nutrition Puppy Guide Training. Mixing 80% human grade animal. Our 80/20 puppy food is. Obedience training for your puppy requires a good plan of consistent short sessions. Hill's® Science Diet® Puppy Small & Toy Chicken & Barley Entrée Dog Food. Puppy Training Schedule: What To Teach Puppies, and When. In my dog training book. The important thing to remember is that puppies are always learning; it’s just a matter of whether they are learning the right things or the wrongs ones. ENLIST HELPConsider enrolling your new pet in puppy kindergarten, the common name for an introductory training class. Like kindergarten for human children, puppy- K focuses on the basics. In addition to learning a handful of commands such as sit and down, your pup will also get a chance to interact with other puppies and their owners when the class meets. This meet- and- greet time is just as important as the lessons themselves. Socialization is in fact one of the best ways to teach your pet about proper behavior. A well- socialized pup is friendly and at ease in new situations. Ask other family members to help with training. The more people who take part in your pup’s education, the better trained he will truly be. You don’t want your pet to see you as the only person whose commands he must obey. Having more eyes on your pup is also helpful for preventing him from regressing when you can’t be there. One resource that many adults overlook is older children. They can be especially helpful in the training process. Invite them along to class with you, so they can learn along with you and your new four- legged friend. KEEP IT SIMPLETraining a puppy isn’t difficult, providing you take it one step at a time. Keep sessions short – no more than 1. Doing so will help prevent your pet from becoming bored or distracted. Puppies need to pause for playing, resting, and making regular trips to their potty spot. Plus, your pet will learn much more from a few 1. Work on one or two commands at a time until your pup is producing the desired results at least 9. You can then move on to teaching additional commands, again no more than a couple at a time. Whatever command you are working on, use it even when you aren’t in the middle of a training session. For example, instructing your puppy to sit before giving him his meals or treats will reinforce the command and teach him good manners at the same time. UTILIZE EDIBLE REWARDSHigh- value treats like cubed chicken make ideal training treats. But remember that any edible reward used during training should be small and easy to chew. Avoid extremely chewy or crunchy foods while training, as they can distract your pet from the task at hand. Once a training session is over, you can reward your dog in a bigger way by offering him a Healthy Edibles. These natural treats, which are made without added salt, sugar, or artificial colors, are completely edible and as easy for your pet to digest as kibble. And they come in enticing flavors like bacon, chicken, and roast beef. In addition to being fun for your puppy, chewing is also good for him. This important activity prevents plaque and tartar from forming and eases the pain of teething. Giving your pet appropriate items for chewing is also one of the best ways to keep him from making your footwear and other possessions your pup’s target of this normal canine activity. Nylabone’s Puppy Chews (TM) are designed for puppies without adult teeth, made from soft, flexible materials to satisfy a puppy’s natural urge to chew. STAY POSITIVEBy far the most important reward you will ever give your pet is your encouragement. Negative reactions of any kind will do nothing to foster progress in training. Harsh words or actions can scare any dog, but they can be especially intimidating for younger ones. Of course, you should not reward your pet for doing the wrong things, but showing emotions like frustration and anger will only confuse – or worse, frighten – your pet. Simply ignore unwanted behaviors. If you are feeling overwhelmed, take a break. Whether you are working on teaching a simple command or dealing with an unwanted behavior, a positive attitude can make all the difference in how quickly your puppy learns. Rewarding your pet with yummy treats is a great way to reinforce desired behaviors, but never forget the value of verbal praise. Puppies enjoy pleasing their owners, but you must let them know when they succeed. A wholehearted “Good boy!” goes a long way. Puppy Food . The more natural the ingredients, the bigger, stronger and healthier your furry friend will grow. Our 8. 0/2. 0 puppy food is great for getting plenty of high- quality, nutritious protein into your puppy’s diet. Mixing 8. 0% human grade animal ingredients with 2. Our 8. 0/2. 0 puppy food is completely grain- free, making it suitable for those with sensitive skin, or other health conditions aggravated by other brands of dog food. Libro - Wikipedia. Un libro . I libri sono pertanto opere letterarie e talvolta una stessa opera . Nella biblioteconomia e scienza dell'informazione un libro . La biblioteca . Google ha stimato che al 2. Il vocabolo originariamente significava anche . Un'evoluzione identica ha sub. In russo ed in serbo, altra lingua slava, le parole . Se ne deduce che le prime scritture delle lingue indoeuropee possano esser state intagliate su legno di faggio. La scrittura, un sistema di segni durevoli che permette di trasmettere e conservare le informazioni, ha cominciato a svilupparsi tra il VII e il IV millennio a. C. In seguito . Lo studio di queste iscrizioni . La scrittura alfabetica emerse in Egitto circa 5. Gli antichi Egizi erano soliti scrivere scrivere sul papiro, una pianta coltivata lungo il fiume Nilo. Inizialmente i termini non erano separati l'uno dall'altro (scriptura continua) e non c'era punteggiatura. I testi venivano scritti da destra a sinistra, da sinistra a destra, e anche in modo che le linee alternate si leggessero in direzioni opposte. Il termine tecnico per questo tipo di scrittura, con un andamento che ricorda quello de solchi tracciati dall'aratro in un campo, . Furono infatti usate come mezzo di scrittura, specialmente per il cuneiforme, durante tutta l'Et. Servivano da materiale normale di scrittura nelle scuole, in contabilit. Avevano il vantaggio di essere riutilizzabili: la cera poteva essere fusa e riformare una . L'usanza di legare insieme diverse tavolette di cera (romano pugillares) . Erano utilizzate anche le cortecce di albero, come per esempio quelle della Tilia, e altri materiali consimili. La parola greca per papiro come materiale di scrittura (biblion) e libro (biblos) proviene dal porto fenicio di Biblo, da dove si esportava il papiro verso la Grecia. Tomus fu usato dai latini con lo stesso significato di volumen (vedi sotto anche la spiegazione di Isidoro di Siviglia). Che fossero fatti di papiro, pergamena o carta, i rotoli furono la forma libraria dominante della cultura ellenistica, romana, cinese ed ebraica. Il formato di codex si stabil. Viene chiamato codex per metafora di un tronco (codex) d'albero o di vite, come se fosse un ceppo di legno, poich. La prima menzione scritta del codice come forma di libro . Tuttavia, il codice non si guadagn. From millions of real job salary data. 0 salary data. Average salary is Detailed starting salary, median salary, pay scale, bonus data report. Gli autori cristiani potrebbero anche aver voluto distinguere i loro scritti dai testi pagani scritti su rotoli. La storia del libro continua a svilupparsi con la graduale transizione dal rotolo al codex, spostandosi dal Vicino Oriente del II- II millennio a. C. All'arrivo del Medioevo, circa mezzo millennio dopo, i codici - di foggia e costruzione in tutto simili al libro moderno - rimpiazzarono il rotolo e furono composti principalmente di pergamena. Il rotolo continu. Nel V secolo, Isidoro di Siviglia spiegò l'allora corrente relazione tra codex, libro e rotolo nella sua opera Etymologiae (VI.13): "Un codex è composto da molti. The latest news and headlines from Yahoo! Get breaking news stories and in-depth coverage with videos and photos. PubMed comprises more than 27 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links. Hitachi Dh40fr 1 9 16 Inch Spline Rotary Hammer Triton TSPS450 Oscillating Spindle Sander Makita XSH03MB 18V LXT BL Circular Saw Kit Hitachi Dh40fr 1 9 16 Inch Spline. The English version offers selected articles from. Fu un cambiamento che influ. Quattro son troppi? Potrai pagarli due, e Trifone il libraio ci far. Haec tibi, multiplici quae structa est massa tabella, / Carmina Nasonis quinque decemque gerit. Questa mole composta da numerosi fogli contiene quindici libri poetici del Nasone »(Marziale XIV. Il libro antico. L'oggetto libro sub. Dal II secolo a. C. Nel mondo antico non godette di molta fortuna a causa del prezzo elevato rispetto a quello del papiro. Tuttavia aveva il vantaggio di una maggiore resistenza e la possibilit. Il libro in forma di rotolo consisteva in fogli preparati da fibre di papiro (phylire) disposte in uno strato orizzontale (lo strato che poi riceveva la scrittura) sovrapposto ad uno strato verticale (la faccia opposta). I fogli cos. La scrittura era effettuata su colonne, generalmente sul lato del papiro che presentava le fibre orizzontali. Non si hanno molte testimonianze sui rotoli di pergamena tuttavia la loro forma era simile a quella dei libri in papiro. Gli inchiostri neri utilizzati erano a base di nerofumo e gomma arabica. Dal II secolo d. C. La vecchia forma libraria a rotolo scompare in ambito librario. In forma notevolmente differente permane invece in ambito archivistico. Nel Medio Evo si fanno strada alcune innovazioni: nuovi inchiostri ferro gallici e, a partire dalla met. Il prezzo molto basso di questo materiale, ricavato da stracci e quindi pi. Ma bisogna aspettare la seconda met. Questo mezzo, permettendo l'accelerazione della produzione delle copie di testi contribuisce alla diffusione del libro e della cultura. La parola membranae, letteralmente . Altri suoi distici rivelano che tra i regali fatti da Marziale c'erano copie di Virgilio, di Cicerone e Livio. Le parole di Marziale danno la distinta impressione che tali edizioni fossero qualcosa di recentemente introdotto. Il codice si origin. Quando c'era bisogno di pi. Sono stati rinvenuti . Nel tempo, furono anche disponibili modelli di lusso fatti con tavolette di avorio invece che di legno. I romani chiamarono tali tavolette col nome di codex e solo molto pi. Ad un certo punto i romani inventarono un taccuino pi. Il passo fu breve dall'usare due o tre fogli come taccuino al legarne insieme una certa quantit. Il grande vantaggio che offrivano rispetto ai rolli era la capienza, vantaggio che sorgeva dal fatto che la facciata esterna del rotolo era lasciata in bianco, vuota. Il codice invece aveva scritte entrambe le facciate di ogni pagina, come in un libro moderno.(LA). Quam brevis inmensum cepit membrana Maronem! Ipsius vultus prima tabella gerit. La prima pagina porta il volto del poeta. Ma copie erano anche fatte di fogli di papiro. In Egitto, dove cresceva la pianta del papiro ed era centro della sua manifattura per materiale scrittorio, il codex di tale materiale era naturalmente pi. Quando i greci ed i romani disponevano solo del rotolo per scrivere libri, si preferiva usare il papiro piuttosto che la pergamena. Fece la sua comparsa in Egitto non molto dopo il tempo di Marziale, nel II secolo d. C., o forse anche prima, alla fine del I secolo. Il suo debutto fu modesto. A tutt'oggi sono stati rinvenuti 1. Nel terzo secolo la percentuale aumenta dall'1,5% a circa il 1. Verso il 3. 00 d. C. Il rotolo comunque aveva ancora parecchi secoli davanti a s. In teoria, in Egitto, terra ricca di pianta di papiro, il codice papiraceo avrebbe dovuto regnar supremo, ma non fu cos. Sebbene gli undici codici della Bibbia datati in quel secolo fossero papiracei, esistono circa 1. Non ne scegliemmo alcuno, ma ne raccogliemmo altri otto per i quali gli diedi 1. Il codex tanto apprezzato da Marziale aveva quindi fatto molta strada da Roma. Nel terzo secolo, quando tali codici divennero alquanto diffusi, quelli di pergamena iniziarono ad essere popolari. Il numero totale di codici sopravvissuti correntemente ammontano a pi. Nel quarto secolo la percentuale si alza al 3. V secolo. In breve, anche in Egitto, la fonte mondiale del papiro, il codice di pergamena occupava una notevole quota di mercato. Sono tutti di pergamena, edizioni eleganti, scritti in elaborata calligrafia su sottili fogli di pergamena. Per tali edizioni di lusso il papiro era certamente inadatto. Titoli di compilazioni celebri, il Codice teodosiano promulgato nel 4. Codice giustinianeo promulgato nel 5. Dall'altro lato, basandoci sulle annotazioni di Libanio, intellettuale del IV secolo che nelle sue molteplici attivit. Le ragioni erano buone: la pergamena poteva resistere a maltrattamenti vari, il codice poteva venir consultato velocemente per riferimenti giuridici, sentenze e giudizi, e cos. La pergamena usata doveva certo essere di bassa qualit. Il peso era per. Il papiro divenne difficile da reperire a causa della mancanza di contatti con l'Antico Egitto e la pergamena, che era stata usata da secoli, divenne il materiale di scrittura principale. I monasteri continuarono la tradizione scritturale latina dell'Impero romano d'Occidente. Cassiodoro, nel Monastero di Vivario (fondato verso il 5. XLVIII), che riserva certi momenti alla lettura, influenz. La tradizione e lo stile dell'Impero romano predominava ancora, ma gradualmente emerse la cultura peculiare libro medievale. Prima dell'invenzione e adozione del torchio calcografico, quasi tutti i libri venivano copiati a mano, il che rendeva i libri costosi e relativamente rari. I piccoli monasteri di solito possedevano poche dozzine di libri, forse qualche centinaio quelli di medie dimensioni. Con il IX secolo, le pi! Alcuni di questi esemplari sono esposti nei musei. La luce artificiale era proibita per paura che potesse danneggiare i manoscritti. Esistevano cinque tipi di scribi. La pergamena doveva essere preparata, poi le pagine libere venivano pianificate e rigate con uno strumento appuntito o un piombo, dopo di che il testo era scritto dallo scriba, che di solito lasciava aree vuote a scopo illustrativo e rubricativo. Infine, il libro veniva rilegato dal rilegatore. Esistono testi scritti in rosso o addirittura in oro, e diversi colori venivano utilizzati per le miniature. A volte la pergamena era tutta di colore viola e il testo vi era scritto in oro o argento (per esempio, il Codex Argenteus). Tuttavia, l'uso di spazi tra le parole non divenne comune prima del XII secolo. Si sostiene che l'uso di spaziatura tra parole dimostra il passaggio dalla lettura semi- vocalizzata a quella silenziosa. Le copertine erano fatte di legno e ricoperte di cuoio. Durante il Tardo Medioevo, quando cominciarono a sorgere le biblioteche pubbliche, e fino al XVIII secolo, i libri venivano spesso incatenati ad una libreria o scrivania per impedirne il furto. Questi libri attaccati a catena sono chiamati libri catenati. Vedi illustrazione a margine. Dapprima, i libri erano copiati prevalentemente nei monasteri, uno alla volta. Con l'apparire delle universit. I libri furono divisi in fogli non legati (pecia), che furono distribuiti a differenti copisti e di conseguenza la velocit. Il sistema venne gestito da corporazioni secolari di cartolai, che produssero sia materiale religioso che laico. Secondo la tradizione ebraica, il rotolo della Torah posto nella sinagoga deve esser scritto a mano su pergamena e quindi un libro stampato non . Lo scriba ebraico (sofer) . Un certo numero di citt. |
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